Sera ikagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chithunzi, kuponya ndalama kumatchedwanso "kutaya sera".Investment kuponyera zambiri amatanthauza kuponya chiwembu chimene mawonekedwe amapangidwa kuchokera fusible zipangizo, pamwamba pa mawonekedwe yokutidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za refractory zipangizo kupanga nkhungu chipolopolo, ndiyeno nkhungu ndi kusungunuka mu chipolopolo nkhungu, kotero monga kupeza nkhungu popanda kulekanitsa pamwamba, amene akhoza kudzazidwa ndi mchenga ndi kutsanulira pambuyo Kuwotcha kutentha.Kuponyera ndalama nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa "kutaya sera" chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida za waxy popanga chitsanzo.

Mitundu ya aloyi opangidwa ndi kuponya ndalama ndi mpweya zitsulo, aloyi zitsulo, kutentha zosagwira aloyi, zosapanga dzimbiri, mwatsatanetsatane aloyi, okhazikika maginito aloyi, kubala aloyi, mkuwa aloyi, zotayidwa aloyi, titaniyamu aloyi ndi nodular kuponyedwa chitsulo, etc.

Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe a ndalama zopangira ndalama zimakhala zovuta.The osachepera awiri a dzenje kuponya akhoza kufika 0.5mm, ndipo osachepera khoma makulidwe a kuponyera ndi 0.3mm.Popanga, mbali zina zomwe zidapangidwa ndi zigawo zingapo zitha kupangidwa kukhala gawo lonse ndikuponyedwa mwachindunji ndi kuponyedwa kwa ndalama kudzera pakusintha mawonekedwe a magawowo, kuti apulumutse maola opangira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo, kotero kuti kapangidwe ka magawowo ndi zololera.

Kulemera kwakukulu kwa ndalama zopangira ndalama kumachokera ku ziro kufika ku ma newtons (kuchokera pa magalamu angapo mpaka ma kilogalamu khumi ndi awiri, nthawi zambiri osapitirira ma kilogalamu 25).Zimakhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito kupanga ndalama kuti mupange ma castes olemera.

Njira yopangira ndalama ndizovuta, ndipo sizovuta kuzilamulira, ndipo zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kudyedwa ndizokwera mtengo.Chifukwa chake, ndiyoyenera kupanga tizigawo tating'ono tokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, zofunikira zolondola kwambiri, kapena zovuta zina pakukonza, monga masamba a injini ya turbine.